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Function Description:

string: a long string
int max_width: the width to wrap to
Returns string: a single string with newline characters ('\n') where the breaks should be

.ljust(width):

>>> width = 20
>>> print 'HackerRank'.ljust(width,'-')
HackerRank----------

Python has built-in string validation methods for basic data. It can check if a string is composed of alphabetical characters, alphanumeric characters, digits, etc.

str.isalnum():

This method checks if all the characters of a string are alphanumeric (a-z, A-Z and 0-9).

>>> print 'ab123'.isalnum()
True
>>> print 'ab123#'.isalnum()
False

In this challenge, the user enters a string and a substring. You have to print the number of times that the substring occurs in the given string. String traversal will take place from left to right, not from right to left.
NOTE: String letters are case-sensitive.

Input Format:

The first line of input contains the original string. The next line contains the substring.

We have seen that lists are mutable (they can be changed), and tuples are immutable (they cannot be changed).
Let's try to understand this with an example.
You are given an immutable string, and you want to make changes to it.

Example:

>>> string = "abracadabra"

You are given the firstname and lastname of a person on two different lines. Your task is to read them and print the following:

Hello firstname lastname! You just delved into python.

Function Description:

string first: the first name
string last: the last name
Prints string: 'Hello firstname lastname! You just delved into python' where and are replaced with first and last.

In Python, a string can be split on a delimiter.

Example:

>>> a = "this is a string"
>>> a = a.split(" ") # a is converted to a list of strings. 
>>> print a
['this', 'is', 'a', 'string']

Joining a string is simple:

>>> a = "-".join(a)
>>> print a
this-is-a-string

You are given a string and your task is to swap cases. In other words, convert all lowercase letters to uppercase letters and vice versa.

For Example:

Www.HackerRank.com → wWW.hACKERrANK.COM
Pythonist 2 → pYTHONIST 2

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